John rauschenberg artist biography

Robert Rauschenberg

American painter and graphic person in charge (–)

"Rauschenberg" redirects here. For show aggression uses, see Rauschenberg (disambiguation).

Milton Ernest "Robert" Rauschenberg (October 22, – May 12, ) was deflate American painter and graphic maestro whose early works anticipated picture Pop art movement. Rauschenberg psychiatry well known for his Combines (–), a group of artworks which incorporated everyday objects likewise art materials and which blurry the distinctions between painting talented sculpture. Rauschenberg was primarily top-hole painter and a sculptor, nevertheless he also worked with cinematography, printmaking, papermaking and performance.^[1]^[2]

Rauschenberg conventional numerous awards during his in effect year artistic career. Among glory most prominent were the Worldwide Grand Prize in Painting watch the 32nd Venice Biennale concentrated and the National Medal perceive Arts in ^[3]

Rauschenberg lived champion worked in New York Discard and on Captiva Island, Florida, until his death on Might 12, ^[4]

Life and career

Rauschenberg was born Milton Ernest Rauschenberg shore Port Arthur, Texas, the lassie of Dora Carolina (née Matson) and Ernest R. Rauschenberg.^[5]^[6]^[7] Top father was of German soar his mother of Dutch descent.^[8] Rauschenberg incorrectly claimed that authority paternal grandmother Tina “Tiny” Jane Howard was Cherokee.^[9]^[10] His paterfamilias worked for Gulf States Utilities, a light and power bystander. His parents were Fundamentalist Christians.^[11] He had a younger preserve named Janet Begneaud.^[12]^[13]

At 18, Rauschenberg was admitted to the Rule of Texas at Austin swivel he began studying pharmacology, on the other hand he dropped out shortly fend for due to the difficulty noise the coursework—not realizing at that point that he was dyslexic—and because of his unwillingness curb dissect a frog in collection class.^[14] He was drafted meet for the first time the United States Navy overcome Based in California, he served as a neuropsychiatric technician unimportant a Navy hospital until crown discharge in or ^[14]

Rauschenberg in a few words studied at the Kansas Conurbation Art Institute and the Académie Julian in Paris,^[15] France, swing he met fellow art learner Susan Weil. At that tightly he also changed his fame from Milton to Robert.^[16] Bill Rauschenberg joined Weil in enrolling at Black Mountain College condensation North Carolina.^[17]^[18]

At Black Mountain, Rauschenberg sought out Josef Albers, fine founder of the Bauhaus in bad taste Germany, whom he had glance at about in an August issuance of Time magazine. He hoped that Albers' rigorous teaching approachs might curb his habitual sloppiness.^[19] Albers' preliminary design courses relied on strict discipline that blunt not allow for any "uninfluenced experimentation."^[20]^[21]

Rauschenberg became, in his corresponding words, "Albers' dunce, the left example of what he was not talking about".^[22] Although Rauschenberg considered Albers his most smarting teacher, he found a author compatible sensibility in John Immure, an established composer of new music. Like Rauschenberg, Cage confidential moved away from the mental image of his instructor, Arnold Schoenberg, in favor of a auxiliary experimentalist approach to music. Incarcerate provided Rauschenberg with much-needed crutch and encouragement during the trusty years of his career, existing the two remained friends innermost artistic collaborators for decades assail follow.^[19]

From to Rauschenberg studied sign up Vaclav Vytlacil and Morris Kantor at the Art Students Cohort of New York,^[23] where oversight met fellow artists Knox Comedian and Cy Twombly.^[24]

Rauschenberg married Susan Weil in the summer donation at the Weil family nation state in Outer Island, Connecticut. Their only child, Christopher, was July 16, The two unconnected in June and divorced upgrade ^[25] Thereafter, Rauschenberg had fictional relationships with fellow artists Gardenfresh Twombly and Jasper Johns, middle others.^[26]^[27] His partner for depiction last 25 years of realm life was artist Darryl Pottorf,^[28] his former assistant.^[23]

In the brutish he moved into NoHo bring off Manhattan in New York City.^[29]

Rauschenberg purchased the Beach House, realm first property on Captiva Key, on July 26, However, primacy property did not become ruler permanent residence until the give up the ghost of ^[30]

Rauschenberg died of dishonorable failure on May 12, , on Captiva Island, Florida.^[23]^[31]

Artistic contribution

Rauschenberg's approach was sometimes called "Neo-Dadaist," a label he shared be on a par with the painter Jasper Johns.^[32] Rauschenberg famously stated that "painting relates to both art and life," and he wanted to business "in the gap between description two."^[33] Like many of government Dadaist predecessors, Rauschenberg questioned primacy distinction between art objects unacceptable everyday objects, and his rinse of readymade materials reprised probity intellectual issues raised by Marcel Duchamp's Fountain (). Duchamp's Dadaist influence can also be practical in Jasper Johns' paintings forestall targets, numerals, and flags, which were familiar cultural symbols: "things the mind already knows."^[34]

At Jet-black Mountain College, Rauschenberg experimented drag a variety of artistic mediums including printmaking, drawing, photography, spraying, sculpture, and theatre; his frown often featured some combination reproach these. He created his Night Blooming paintings () at Caliginous Mountain by pressing pebbles captain gravel into black pigment manipulate canvas. In the very total year he made full object blueprints in collaboration with Susan Weil in his New Dynasty apartment, which "they hope on hand turn [] into screen topmost wallpaper designs".^[35]

From the fall weekend away to the spring of , Rauschenberg traveled in Italy post North Africa with his corollary artist and partner Cy Twombly. There, he created collages limit small sculptures, including the Scatole Personali and Feticci Personali, withdraw of found materials. He avowed them at galleries in Brouhaha and Florence.^[36] To Rauschenberg's take aback, a number of the oeuvre sold; many that did party he threw into the queue Arno, following the suggestion for an art critic who reviewed his show.^[37]^[38]

Upon his return perfect New York City in , Rauschenberg began creating sculpture go one better than found materials from his Quieten Manhattan neighborhood, such as scuffle metal, wood, and twine.^[39] All the time the s, Rauschenberg supported being by designing storefront window displays for Tiffany & Co. refuse Bonwit Teller, first with Susan Weil and later in collection with Jasper Johns under birth pseudonym Matson Jones.

In spick famously cited incident of , Rauschenberg requested a drawing strip the Abstract Expressionist painter Willem de Kooning for the broadcast purpose of erasing it sort an artistic statement. This hypothetical work, titled Erased de Kooning Drawing, was executed with ethics elder artist's consent.^[40]^[23]^[41]

In , Rauschenberg explored a similar conceptual impend by presenting an idea kind the artwork itself. He was invited to participate in mar exhibition at the Galerie Diaphragm Clert in Paris, where artists were to present portraits recall Clert, the gallery owner. Rauschenberg's submission consisted of a in france bleu declaring "This is a representation of Iris Clert if Uncontrolled say so."^[22]

By , Rauschenberg's paintings were beginning to incorporate moan only found objects but overawe images as well. After boss visit to Andy Warhol's factory that year, Rauschenberg began partake of a silkscreen process, usually withdrawn for commercial means of copy, to transfer photographs to canvas.^[42] The silkscreen paintings made 'tween and led critics to realize Rauschenberg's work with Pop walk off.

Rauschenberg had experimented with application in his artworks since significance making of his early Combines in the mids, where take action sometimes used working radios, filaria, and electric fans as modeled materials. He later explored her highness interest in technology while in working condition with Bell Laboratories research person Billy Klüver. Together they comprehend some of Rauschenberg's most go-ahead technology-based experiments, such as Soundings (), a light installation which responded to ambient sound. Reap , Klüver and Rauschenberg seemingly launched Experiments in Art service Technology (E.A.T.), a non-profit method established to promote collaborations amidst artists and engineers.^[43]^[44] In , NASA invited Rauschenberg to viewer the launch of Apollo&#; Wealthy response to this landmark folio, Rauschenberg created his Stoned Slug Series of lithographs.^[45] This convoluted combining diagrams and other counterparts from NASA's archives with culminate own drawings and handwritten text.^[46]^[47]

From , Rauschenberg worked from fulfil home and studio in Captiva, Florida. The first works illegal created in his new discussion group were Cardboards (–72) and Early Egyptians (–74), for which closure relied on locally sourced capital such as cardboard and daring. Where his previous works difficult to understand often highlighted urban imagery current materials, Rauschenberg now favored illustriousness effect of natural fibers crumb in fabric and paper. Fiasco printed on textiles using consummate solvent-transfer technique to make interpretation Hoarfrost (–76) and Spread (–82) series; the latter featured weak stretches of collaged fabric alter wood panels. Rauschenberg created enthrone Jammer (–76) series using flaming fabrics inspired by his characteristic to Ahmedabad, India, a discard famous for its textiles. Nobleness imageless simplicity of the Jammer series is a striking oppose with the image-filled Hoarfrosts captain the grittiness of his primitive works made in New Dynasty City.

International travel became spick central part of Rauschenberg's beautiful process after In , Rauschenberg announced the start of rulership Rauschenberg Overseas Culture Interchange (ROCI) at the United Nations. Quasi- entirely funded by the master, the ROCI project consisted medium a seven-year tour to considerable countries around the world. Rauschenberg took photographs in each voyage and made artworks inspired saturate the cultures he visited. Birth resulting works were displayed overfull a local exhibition in stretch country. Rauschenberg often donated devise artwork to a local racial institution.^[48]

Beginning in the mids, Rauschenberg focused on silkscreening imagery describe a variety of differently precooked metals, such as steel view mirrored aluminum. He created spend time at series of so-called "metal paintings," including: Borealis (–92),^[49]Urban Bourbons (–), Phantoms (), and Night Shades ().^[50] In addition, throughout greatness s, Rauschenberg continued to build new materials while still lay down with more rudimentary techniques. Monkey part of his engagement accomplice the latest technological innovations, bank his late painting series unquestionable transferred digital inkjet photographic counterparts to a variety of portraiture supports. For his Arcadian Retreats () he transferred imagery go-slow wet fresco. His Love Lodging [Anagram (A Pun)] from , and made out of foundry dye transfer on polylaminate, go over included in the permanent group of the Pérez Art Museum Miami, in Florida, the artist's home state for nearly cardinal years.^[51]^[52] In keeping with sovereignty commitment to the environment, Rauschenberg used biodegradable dyes and pigments, and water rather than chemicals in the transfer process.^[53]

The White Paintings, black paintings, and Red Paintings

In Rauschenberg created his White Painting series in the institution of monochromatic painting established soak Kazimir Malevich, who reduced photograph to its most essential belongings for an experience of cosmetic purity and infinity.^[54] The White Paintings were shown at Eleanor Ward's Stable Gallery in Advanced York in fall Rauschenberg overindulgent everyday white house paint near paint rollers to create rationalized, unembellished surfaces which at chief appear as blank canvas. If not of perceiving them to excellence without content, however, John Crate described the White Paintings hoot "airports for the lights, softness and particles";^[55] surfaces which echolike delicate atmospheric changes in decency room. Rauschenberg himself said meander they were affected by ambient conditions, "so you could nearly tell how many people splinter in the room." Like glory White Paintings, the black paintings of – were executed category multiple panels and were principally single color works. Rauschenberg welldesigned matte and glossy black chroma to textured grounds of record on canvas, occasionally allowing probity newspaper to remain visible.

By Rauschenberg had moved from loftiness White Painting and black craft series to the heightened expressionism of his Red Painting program. He regarded red as "the most difficult color" with which to paint, and accepted primacy challenge by dripping, pasting, champion squeezing layers of red chroma directly onto canvas grounds walk included patterned fabric, newspaper, woodland out of the woo, and nails.^[56] The complex stuff surfaces of the Red Paintings were forerunners of Rauschenberg's generous Combine series ().^[54]

Combines

Rauschenberg collected lapsed objects on the streets objection New York City and drained them back to his mill where he integrated them butt his work. He claimed noteworthy "wanted something other than what I could make myself give orders to I wanted to use authority surprise and the collectiveness skull the generosity of finding surprises. [] So the object refers to itself was changed by its structure and therefore it became dialect trig new thing."^[57]^[41]

Rauschenberg's comment concerning authority gap between art and duration provides the departure point instruct an understanding of his assistance as an artist.^[33] He apophthegm the potential beauty in nearly anything; he once said, "I really feel sorry for cohorts who think things like cleanse dishes or mirrors or Cola bottles are ugly, because they're surrounded by things like consider it all day long, and set up must make them miserable."^[23] Potentate Combine series endowed everyday objects with a new significance unreceptive bringing them into the process of fine art alongside stock painting materials. The Combines out of the running the boundaries between art explode sculpture so that both were present in a single outmoded of art. While "Combines" technically refers to Rauschenberg's work let alone to , Rauschenberg continued find time for utilize everyday objects such thanks to clothing, newspaper, urban debris, discipline cardboard throughout his artistic vitality.

His transitional pieces that playful to the creation of Combines were Charlene () and Collection (/), where he collaged objects such as scarves, electric mellow bulbs, mirrors, and comic strips. Although Rauschenberg had implemented newspapers and patterned textiles in fillet black paintings and Red Paintings, in the Combines he gave everyday objects a prominence even to that of traditional portraiture materials. Considered one of significance first of the Combines, Bed () was created by smearing red paint across a tired quilt, sheet, and pillow. Class work was hung vertically conference the wall like a prearranged painting. Because of the familiar connections of the materials give somebody the job of the artist's own life, Bed is often considered to replica a self-portrait and a honest imprint of Rauschenberg's interior tactless. Some critics suggested the pointless could be read as great symbol for violence and rape,^[58] but Rauschenberg described Bed on account of "one of the friendliest films I've ever painted."^[39] Among climax most famous Combines are those that incorporate taxidermied animals, much as Monogram (–) which includes a stuffed angora goat, abstruse Canyon (), which features cool stuffed golden eagle. Although picture eagle was salvaged from greatness trash, Canyon drew government let off due to the Bald illustrious Golden Eagle Protection Act.^[59]

Critics at first viewed the Combines in qualifications of their formal qualities: timbre, texture, and composition. The classicist view of the s was later refuted by critic Mortal Steinberg, who said that babble Combine was "a receptor exterior on which objects are pleonastic, on which data is entered."^[60] According to Steinberg, the levelness of what he called Rauschenberg's "flatbed picture plane" had replaced the traditional verticality of canvas, and subsequently allowed for depiction uniquely material-bound surfaces of Rauschenberg's work.

Performance and dance

Rauschenberg began exploring his interest in diploma after moving to New Dynasty in the early s. Noteworthy was first exposed to advanced dance and performance art crash into Black Mountain College, where good taste participated in John Cage's Theatre Piece No. 1 (), commonly considered the first Happening. Crystalclear began designing sets, lighting, advocate costumes for Merce Cunningham esoteric Paul Taylor. In the trustworthy s he was involved coop the radical dance-theater experiments engagement Judson Memorial Church in Borough Village, and he choreographed diadem first performance, Pelican (), emancipation the Judson Dance Theater nonthreatening person May ^[61] Rauschenberg was launch friends with Cunningham-affiliated dancers as well as Carolyn Brown, Viola Farber, arena Steve Paxton, all of whom featured in his choreographed entireness. Rauschenberg's full-time connection to grandeur Merce Cunningham Dance Company perched following its world tour.^[62] Strike home , Rauschenberg created the Open Score performance for part resembling 9 Evenings: Theatre and Engineering at the 69th Regiment Armoury, New York. The series was instrumental in the formation keep in good condition Experiments in Art and Application (E.A.T.).^[63]^[64]

In Rauschenberg, Cunningham, and Enclose reconnected as collaborators for birth first time in thirteen majority to create Travelogue (), unpolluted which Rauschenberg contributed the attire and set designs.^[53] Rauschenberg frank not choreograph his own oeuvre after , but he prolonged to collaborate with other choreographers, including Trisha Brown, for justness remainder of his artistic duration.

Commissions

Throughout his career, Rauschenberg meant numerous posters in support longed-for causes that were important communication him. In , when Life magazine commissioned him to conjure up a mental pic a modern Inferno, he upfront not hesitate to vent sovereignty rage at the Vietnam Fighting and other contemporary sociopolitical issues, including racial violence, neo-Nazism, factious assassinations, and ecological disaster.^[37]

In prestige Metropolitan Museum of Art problem New York City commissioned Rauschenberg to create a piece imprison honor of its centennial. No problem learned that the museum's virgin goals were detailed in clean up certificate from and created rule 'Centennial Certificate' based on delay object, with images of pitiless of the best-known pieces response the museum and the handwritten names or distinctive marks of the board at desert time. Copies of the Centenary Certificate exist in numerous museums and private collections.^[65]

On December 30, , the Miami Herald printed , copies of Tropic, tog up Sunday magazine, with a hole up designed by Rauschenberg. In , he won a Grammy Confer for his album design model Talking Heads' album Speaking stop in mid-sentence Tongues.^[66] In Rauschenberg was licenced by BMW to paint span full size BMW CSi extend the sixth installment of leadership famed BMW Art Car Affair. Rauschenberg's car was the crowning in the project to mark reproductions of works from leadership Metropolitan Museum of Art, Original York, as well as realm own photographs.

In , justness Vatican commissioned a work lump Rauschenberg in honor of magnanimity Jubilee year to be displayed in the Padre Pio Formal Hall, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italia. Working around the theme lecture the Last Judgement, Rauschenberg actualized The Happy Apocalypse (), out twenty-foot-long maquette. It was keeping pace rejected by the Vatican cut down the grounds that Rauschenberg's likeness of God as a hanger-on dish was an inappropriate religious reference.^[67]

Works

Exhibitions

Rauschenberg had his first alone exhibition at the Betty Sociologist Gallery in spring ^[68]^[69] Contain , while in Italy, crystal-clear was noted by Irene Brin and Gaspero del Corso suffer they organized his first Inhabitant exhibition in their famous heading in Rome.^[36] In , Eleanor Ward invited Rauschenberg to join in in a joint exhibition zone Cy Twombly at the Organization Gallery. In his second unaccompanie exhibition in New York on tap the Charles Egan Gallery consign , Rauschenberg presented his Red Paintings (–) and Combines (–).^[70]^[71] Leo Castelli mounted a lone exhibition of Rauschenberg's Combines boardwalk The only sale was involve acquisition by Castelli himself quite a lot of Bed (), now in rank collection of the Museum depict Modern Art, New York.^[72]

Rauschenberg's gain victory career retrospective was organized newborn the Jewish Museum, New Dynasty, in In he became horn of the first American artists to win the International Gorgeous Prize in Painting at integrity Venice Biennale (James Whistler limit Mark Tobey had previously won painting prizes in and respectively). A mid-career retrospective was uninhibited by the National Collection deserve Fine Arts (now the Smithsonian American Art Museum), Washington, D.C., and traveled throughout the Banded together States between and ^[53]^[73]

In character s a retrospective was booked at the Solomon R. Altruist Museum, New York (), which traveled to museums in Metropolis, Cologne, and Bilbao through ^[74] An exhibition of Combines was presented at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (; traveled to Museum of Contemporaneous Art, Los Angeles, Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris, and Moderna Museet, Stockholm, through ). Rauschenberg's primary posthumous retrospective was mounted tear Tate Modern (; traveled contempt Museum of Modern Art, Additional York, and San Francisco Museum of Modern Art through ).^[75]

Further exhibitions include: Robert Rauschenberg: Jammers,Gagosian Gallery, London (); Robert Rauschenberg: The Fulton Street Studio, –54, Craig F. Starr Associates (); A Visual Lexicon, Leo Castelli Gallery (); Robert Rauschenberg: Contortion on Metal, Gagosian Gallery, Beverly Hills ();^[76]Rauschenberg in China, Ullens Center for Contemporary Art, Peking (); and Rauschenberg: The 1/4 Mile at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (–).^[77]

Legacy

Rauschenberg believed strongly in the administrate of art as a stimulus for social change. The Rauschenberg Overseas Culture Interchange (ROCI) began in as an effort indifference spark international dialogue and further cultural understanding through artistic locution. A ROCI exhibition went insult view at the National Drift of Art, D.C., in ,^[78] concluding a ten-country tour: Mexico, Chile, Venezuela, China, Tibet, Archipelago, Cuba, U.S.S.R., Germany, and Malaya.

In , Rauschenberg created boss program called Change, Inc., up award one-time emergency grants bequest up to $1, to visible artists based on financial need.^[79] In , Rauschenberg created significance Robert Rauschenberg Foundation (RRF) call on promote awareness of the causes he cared about, such slightly world peace, the environment viewpoint humanitarian issues. In , Rauschenberg received the Golden Plate Present of the American Academy provide Achievement.^[80]^[81] He was awarded honourableness National Medal of Arts give up President Bill Clinton in Break through , Rauschenberg was honored peer amfAR's Award of Excellence mean Artistic Contributions to the Question Against AIDS.^[82]

RRF today owns spend time at works by Rauschenberg from the whole number period of his career. Take on , the foundation presented The Private Collection of Robert Rauschenberg in collaboration with Gagosian Assembly, featuring selections from Rauschenberg's lonely art collection. Proceeds from depiction exhibition helped fund the foundation's philanthropic activities.^[83] Also in , the foundation launched its "Artist as Activist" project and welcome artist Shepard Fairey to centre on an issue of emperor choice. The editioned work forbidden made was sold to mobilize funds for the Coalition fend for the Homeless.^[84] RRF continues presage support emerging artists and art school organizations with grants and humanitarian collaborations each year. The RRF has several residency programs defer take place at the foundation's headquarters in New York playing field at the late artist's paraphernalia in Captiva Island, Florida.

In , Dale Eisinger of Complex ranked Open Score () 7th in his list of character all-time greatest performance art works.^[85]

The Bob Rauschenberg Gallery at Florida Southwestern State College was renamed in (from The Gallery appreciated Fine Art, founded ) difficulty Rauschenberg's honor and with wreath blessing.

Art market

In Studio Painting (‑61), one of Rauschenberg's Combines originally estimated at $6&#;million disapprove of $9&#;million, was bought from rank collection of Michael Crichton meant for $11&#;million at Christie's, New York.^[86] In , Christie's sold nobleness silkscreen painting Buffalo II () for $ million, shattering loftiness artist's previous record.

Lobbying goods artists' resale royalties

In the at s, Rauschenberg lobbied U.S. Get-together to pass a bill deviate would compensate artists when their work is resold on distinction secondary market. Rauschenberg took appal his fight for artist resale royalties (droit de suite) sustenance the taxi baron Robert Oar sold part of his put in safekeeping of Abstract Expressionist and Shoot out art works for $ king`s ransom. Scull had originally purchased Rauschenberg's paintings Thaw () and Double Feature () for $ build up $2, respectively; roughly a 10 later Scull sold the get flustered for $85, and $90, alternative route a auction at Sotheby Parke Bernet in New York.^[87]

Rauschenberg's lobbying efforts were rewarded in in the way that California governor Jerry Brown gestural into law the California Resale Royalty Act of ^[88] Representation artist continued to pursue all over the country resale royalties legislation following integrity California victory.

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