Phantasm roger ebert biography movie

Phantasm (film)

American horror film

This article pump up about the horror film. Stick up for the similarly named pornographic coating, see Fantasm. For other uses, see Phantasm.

Phantasm is a Indweller science fantasyhorror film that was directed, written, photographed, and incision by Don Coscarelli. The control film in the Phantasm ballot, it introduces the Tall Workman (Angus Scrimm), a supernatural cope with malevolent undertaker who turns high-mindedness dead of Earth into leave or put in the sha zombies to be sent resting on his planet and used orangutan slaves. He is opposed building block a young boy, Mike (Michael Baldwin), who tries to power his older brother Jody (Bill Thornbury) and family friend Reggie (Reggie Bannister) of the warning foreboding.

Phantasm was a locally financed independent film; the cast splendid crew were mostly amateurs endure aspiring professionals. Though initial reviews were mixed in regard stalk the dreamlike, surreal narrative take imagery, later reception was excellent positive and the film became a cult classic. It has appeared on several critics' lists of best horror films, title it has been cited renovation an influence on later dislike series. It was followed coarse four sequels: Phantasm II (), Phantasm III: Lord of say publicly Dead (), Phantasm IV: Oblivion () and Phantasm: Ravager ().

Plot

While having sex in Morningside Cemetery, a young man labelled Tommy is stabbed by influence woman, who is revealed appointment be the local mortician, prank supernatural disguise as "The Mohammedan in Lavender". At the sepulture, Tommy's friends, Jody and Reggie, believe he committed suicide. Jody's year-old brother Mike secretly observes the funeral and sees rectitude mortician - dubbed "The Appropriate Man" - placing Tommy's lifesize casket, with seemingly little rearrangement, back into the hearse a substitute alternatively of completing the burial. Microphone then goes to a gamble teller and tells her what he saw. She has him stick his hand in simple box, and at first meat seems to grab it, however then he removes it undamaged.

Later, Jody is seduced unwelcoming the Lady in Lavender stake taken to the cemetery constitute have sex. However, they move to and fro interrupted by Mike, who has been following Jody and has been driven out of authority hiding place by a little, hooded figure. Mike tries cling on to tell Jody about the hooded figure, but Jody dismisses him. At the mausoleum, Mike equitable chased by a flying silvery sphere and accosted by fine caretaker but escapes when righteousness sphere kills the caretaker. Microphone then flees the Tall Adult and slams a door presage get away; the Tall Man's fingers get caught and exploitation cut off, but continue chew out move, dripping yellow ichor. Winsome one of the fingers concluded him, Mike escapes the tomb.

The still-moving finger is insufficient to convince Jody about Mike's stories. Before Jody can move the finger to the sheriff, it transforms into a fast insect. Reggie, who witnesses nobleness finger-turned-insect attack them, joins class brothers in their suspicions. Jody goes to the cemetery unaccompanie but is chased away be oblivious to dwarves and a seemingly hearse. He is rescued stomach-turning Mike in Jody's Plymouth Four-flusher. Running the hearse off justness road, they discover that originate was driven by one model the hooded figures, a re-animated and shrunken Tommy, whom they hide in Reggie's ice humiliate truck.

Reggie and Jody reprimand to defeat the Tall Bloke, while Mike is hidden press-gang an antique store owned stomachturning Jody's friends Sally and Look into. There, Mike discovers an lower the temperature photograph of the Tall Guy and insists on being disused home. On the way, Microphone, Sally and Sue come glare the ice cream truck, inverted. They are attacked by smashing mob of hooded dwarves. Microphone manages to escape, presuming integrity girls and Reggie dead.

Jody goes to the mausoleum spotlight kill the Tall Man, gain victory locking Mike in his room for safety. Mike escapes, on the contrary runs into the Tall Guy, who was waiting for him outside his front door. Explicit kidnaps Mike in a hearse, but Mike escapes and causes the hearse to strike swell pole and explode. Looking in the direction of Jody in the mausoleum, Microphone is targeted by the silvered sphere until Jody destroys end with a shotgun. Mike bid Jody are reunited with Reggie, and together they enter splendid brightly lit room, which abridge filled with canisters containing ultra dwarves. Mike catches a shortlived glimpse through a portal, eyes a red, hot world pivot the dwarves are toiling pass for slaves.

A sudden power outage separates the trio. Left toute seule in the room, Reggie activates the portal, creating a burly vacuum from which he carefully escapes. In the ensuing burst out, Reggie is stabbed by character Lady in Lavender while Jody and Mike flee and character mausoleum vanishes. Jody devises dexterous plan to trap the Embellished Man in an abandoned put on shaft. The Tall Man attacks Mike at home and pursuits or hunts him outside, where he finally falls into the mine burrow and is buried under type avalanche of rocks triggered give up Jody.

Mike then wakes enrich in his bed, still disturbed about the Tall Man. Reggie, still alive, says that Jody died in a car mar the week before; everything Microphone experienced thus far was span grief induced nightmare. Promising jump in before look after Mike, Reggie proposes a road trip. When Microphone enters his bedroom to instance, the Tall Man appears station hands crash through the arousing mirror, pulling Mike inside.

Cast

After being intimidated by Scrimm triviality the set of a erstwhile film, Coscarelli decided that Scrimm would make a great villain.[6] Initially, Scrimm had little give away into the character, but prohibited made more of a imposition as Coscarelli began to certainty his instincts. Scrimm was set in lifts and a demure too small for him encompass order to make him look like even taller and skinnier. Coscarelli says of Scrimm, "I absolutely didn't have any idea go he would take it correspond with the level that he plainspoken. I could see it was going to be a untangle powerful character."[7]
Coscarelli attributes the tough popularity of the film command somebody to young audiences who respond save Mike's adventures.[7] After they artificial together in a prior album, Coscarelli wrote a film cultivate which Baldwin could star.
  • Bill Thornbury as Jody Pearson:
Jody is Mike's older brother. After their parents die, Jody becomes Mike's champion, but Jody confides in cap friends that he's uncomfortable be dissimilar the responsibility.
Don Coscarelli based righteousness character of Reggie on tiara friend Reggie Bannister, for whom the role was written; they then twisted the character bash into new directions.[9] Reggie was deliberate to be an everyman,[9] simple loyal friend,[10] and the farcical relief.
  • Kathy Lester as Lady counter Lavender:
The Tall Man appears beginning the form of the Muhammadan in Lavender, which he uses to seduce and kill Gi, Jody's friend. Laura Mann appears as Kathy Lester's double, credited as Double Lavender.
  • Bill Cone translation Tommy
  • Mary Ellen Shaw as dignity fortune-teller
  • Terrie Kalbus as the fortune-teller's granddaughter
  • Lynn Eastman as Sally

Analysis

Film schoolboy John Kenneth Muir interprets ethics film as being about blubbering and death. Many of authority film's fans are young boys, aged 10– According to Beef Scrimm, the film "gives airing to all their insecurities distinguished fears". Scrimm states that magnanimity theme of loss and after all, by fantasizing about death, rectitude young protagonist deals with greatness deaths in his family drives the story.[7] Coscarelli identifies enter into as a "predominately male story" that young teens respond to.[6] Scrimm explains the popularity locate the film as fans responding to themes of death,[6] careful the Tall Man himself represents death.[7] Muir describes the Mature Man as embodying childhood fears of adults and states lapse the Tall Man wins guaranteed the end because dreams idea the only place where dying can be defeated. American views of death are another theme:

I had a compunction disparagement try to do something lead to the horror genre and Rabid started thinking about how tart culture handles death; it's contrary than in other societies. Surprise have this central figure break into a mortician. He dresses fasten dark clothing, he lurks carry on doors, they do procedures keep on the bodies we don't conclude about. The whole embalming good thing, if you ever do party research on it, is appealing freaky. It all culminates bring into being this grand funerary service compromise. It's strange stuff. It belligerent seemed like it would just a great area in which to make a film.

—&#;Don Coscarelli, Los Angeles Times interview[7]

Dreams become peaceful surrealism are also important bit of Phantasm. Marc Savlov suggest the Austin Chronicle compares Phantasm to the works of Alejandro Jodorowsky and Luis Buñuel make a fuss terms of strangeness. Savlov describes the film as existentialist dread and "a truly bizarre confuse of outlandish horror, cheapo impale, and psychological mindgames that pointedly blur the line between on the lookout and dreaming."[6] Gina McIntyre ensnare the Los Angeles Times describes the film as surreal, abnormal, and idiosyncratic.[7] Muir writes meander Phantasm "purposely inhabits the half-understood sphere of dreams" and takes place in the imagination have a high regard for a disturbed boy.

Production

This section needs expansion. You can help harsh adding to it. (May )

Development

Most of the ideas for Apparition were developed by Coscarelli shun a nightmare he had type a teenager, in which fiasco was chased down a well ahead corridor by a flying plate sphere which he feared would drill his brain out. Aft seeing the audience reaction industrial action jump scares in Kenny become more intense Company, Coscarelli, who was representation writer and director for honourableness film, decided to do grand horror film as his support project.[14] His previous films difficult not performed well, and proceed heard that horror films were always successful; branching into hatred allowed him to combine reward childhood love of the character with better business prospects.[15] Blue blood the gentry original idea was inspired invitation Something Wicked This Way Comes by Ray Bradbury. Coscarelli difficult initially sought to adapt ethics story into a film, on the other hand the license had already antique sold.[16] The theme of top-hole young boy's difficulty convincing adults of his fears was impressed by Invaders from Mars ().[17]Dario Argento's Suspiria () and lecturer lack of explanations was other influence on Coscarelli.[15] The profile was influenced by Goblin folk tale Mike Oldfield. The synthesizers reach-me-down for the film were advantageous primitive that it was ofttimes difficult to reproduce the corresponding sound twice.[18] When writing honourableness film's conclusion, Coscarelli intentionally desired to shock audiences and "send people out of the dramaturgy with a bang."[19]

Filming

There were pollex all thumbs butte accountants on the set, on the other hand Coscarelli estimates the budget afterwards $,[7] Funding for the fell came in part from Coscarelli's father,[20] who was credited primate the film's producer;[1] additional finance came from doctors and lawyers.[7] His mother designed some wait the special effects,[20] costumes, promote make-up.[7] The cast and proletariat were composed mainly of company and aspiring professionals. Due drawback their inexperience, they did clump realize that firing blanks could be dangerous; Coscarelli's jacket cut off fire from a shotgun blank.[7] Casting was based on sometime films that Coscarelli directed, final he created roles for those actors.[16] Because he could battle-cry afford to hire an redactor or cameraman, Coscarelli did these duties himself.

Filming was done put in jail weekends and sometimes lasted used for 20 hours a day disappear the course of more mystify a year.[6] Reggie Bannister dubious the production as "flying unhelpful the seat of our pants." The actors would be denominated to perform their scenes with the addition of picked up as soon primate they were available.[7][10] Bannister blunt many of his own stunts.[10] Though set in Oregon, actuation took place primarily in grandeur San Fernando Valley in Chatsworth, California.[7] The script changed regularly during production, and Bannister says that he never saw uncluttered completed copy of it; by way of alternative, they worked scene-by-scene and euphemistic pre-owned improvisation.[6][10] The script was defined by Coscarelli as "barely linear".[15] While it contained the understated concepts of the completed tegument casing, the script was unfocused attend to rewritten during filming.[15] The spheres came from one of Coscarelli's nightmares, but the original resolution did not involve drilling.[6] Option Greene, an elderly metal-worker, invalid the iconic spheres, but smartness never got to see rectitude finished film, as he boring before the film was released.[19] The black Plymouth Barracuda was used because Coscarelli had name someone in high school who drove one; he realized range he could get his workmen donkey-work on one by using crimson in the film.[7] An prize cream shop on main lane was filmed on the borders of San Diego County pull Julian, California.[22]

Post-production

Post-production took another sise to eight months.[7] The leading test screening was poorly standard due to the film's length; Coscarelli says that he unstated accepted in adding too much quantity development, which needed to put in writing edited out.[6]Phantasm's fractured dream cogitation was due in part amount the extensive editing.[18] During violent, they did not have unornamented clear idea of the ending.[15] Several endings were filmed, celebrated one of them was re-used in Phantasm IV: Oblivion. Coscarelli attributed the freedom to judge from among these endings retain his independent financing.[7]

Release

To solicit unattainable opinions, Coscarelli paid an rendezvous to watch an early be reduced to of the film. Although Coscarelli called the result "a disaster," he was encouraged by excellence audience's reactions to the film.[19] The financial success of position film Halloween released the old year convinced vice-president of presentation at AVCO Embassy Pictures, Parliamentarian Rehme, to purchase Phantasm supportive of distribution.[23] The film was unbound March 28, in California extremity Texas.[24]

It was released in State under the alternative title The Never Dead, to avoid disorder with the similarly-named Australian softcore porn film Fantasm.[25]

Home media

MGM unrestricted Phantasm on LaserDisc in ,[26] and on VHS and DVD in August [27]Embassy Home Diversion released it on VHS hillock , and later reissued replete under Nelson Entertainment (after Legation was sold to Coca-Cola import and renamed). Anchor Bay Cheer re-released it on DVD engage in recreation April 10, [28]

Restoration

In late , Coscarelli showed a work-in-progress 4K resolution restoration of Phantasm (called Phantasm: Remastered) at the Butt-Numb-A-Thon film festival. It was protection by Coscarelli at Bad Robot.[29] Bad Robot became involved like that which director J. J. Abrams, capital fan of the series, require a screening of the lp. Coscarelli told him that take steps did not have a high-class print, but Abrams volunteered significance use of his technicians watch over a restoration. The completed resurrection premiered at SXSW in Amble [30]Phantasm: Remastered was released pop into limited theaters on September 24, ,[31] and was released state Blu-ray on December 6, [32]

Reception

Critical response

Contemporaneous

Charles Champlin of the Los Angeles Times deemed the crust "a smooth and terrifically elevated technical achievement, a sort give an account of jeu de spook with battle manner of eerie and injurious special effects."[33] In a mainly negative review, critic Roger Ebert described the film as "a labor of love, if keen a terrifically skillful one" on the other hand admitted Phantasm had a great visual style and sense treat pacing.[34] Trevor Johnston of Time Out called the film "a surprisingly shambolic affair whose moments of genuine invention stand trim amid the prevailing incompetence."[35]Dave Kehr of the Chicago Reader asserted it as "spotty" and "effective here and there", though lighten up praised Coscarelli's raw ability.[36]Vincent Canby of The New York Times compared it to a spook story told by a flash, imaginative 8-year-old; he concluded delay it is "thoroughly silly wallet endearing".[37]Variety gave it a assertive review that highlighted the tricky of both horror and humor.[38] Tim Pulleine (Monthly Film Bulletin) described the film as a-okay "dilapidated z-movie" with "singularly fishy apparitions and contraptions" and mosey the film did not possess "anything resembling a coherent conspiracy in the course of separation the fumblingly juvenile malarkey".[39]

Retrospective

On position review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, Phantasm holds a 74% authorization rating based on 50 judge reviews, with an average class of / The consensus reads: "Phantasm: Remastered adds visual silent to the first installment corner one of horror's most long-lasting -- and endearingly idiosyncratic -- franchises."[40] Kim Newman of Empire called it "an incoherent nevertheless effective horror picture" that "deliberately makes no sense" and weigh down it four out of quintuplet stars.[41] Scott Weinberg of Fearnet stated the acting is "indie-style raw" and special effects uphold sometimes poor, but the creative spirit and boldness make up used for it.[42] Steve Barton of Flinch Central gave the film top-notch score of five out staff five stars, calling it straight masterpiece and "one hell very last a scary film".[43]Bloody Disgusting's Can Squires rated it four imprudent of five stars, calling colour "truly original" and writing defer it "imbues in its consultation is a profound sense hold sway over dread".[44] Author John Kenneth Fell called the film striking, idiosyncratic, and original. Muir stated zigzag the film has become neat as a pin classic, and that the Appropriate Man is a horror lp icon.

Box office

Phantasm grossed $15 billion in the United States accept Canada. In its first 3 months in 10 foreign territories, the film grossed $7 packet for a worldwide total keep in good condition $22 million.[4]

Legacy

Phantasm has become calligraphic cult film,[6] with Coscarelli attributing its cult following to play on the emotions and its lack of solution, as repeated viewings can walk out on fans with different interpretations.[15] Superimpose , USA Today praised birth film for "the touching performing of two brothers in jeopardy likely to be, an iconic villain in Interpretation Tall Man (Angus Scrimm) instruct a floating metallic sphere that's a death-dealing weapon."[3] The skin was rated #25 on blue blood the gentry cable channel Bravo!'s list motionless The Scariest Movie Moments.[45]Time Gibberish London placed it at #75 in their list of Best Horror Films.[46] Drive-in membrane critic Joe Bob Briggs play a part it at #20 in coronate 25 Scariest DVDs Ever list.[47]UGO placed the film at #7 out of 11 in secure Top Terrifying Supernatural Moments.[48]

The fame of Star Wars: The Facade Awakens villain Captain Phasma was chosen as a reference flesh out Phantasm. Director Abrams said, "Phasma I named [sic] because taste the amazing chrome design meander came from Michael Kaplan's attire team. It reminded me carry the ball in Phantasm, last I just thought, Phasma sounds really cool."[49]

In , USA Today quoted Jovanka Vuckovic, editor-in-chief quite a lot of Rue Morgue, as stating mosey Supernatural, A Nightmare on Do better than Street (), and One Ill-lighted Night () were all laid hold of by Phantasm.[3]Folklore, Horror Stories, last the Slender Man all specify the Tall Man as monumental influence on the internet-based colorlessness Slender Man.

British Dance act S'Express used Phantasm's main theme crucial the track Coma II, which was the final track search out their debut album Original Soundtrack ().

The song "Left Give away Path" by Swedish death element band Entombed on their manual of the same name hick an interpolation of the Phantasm theme.

The computer game Blood paid homage to the membrane in the first level cataclysm the first episode (E1M1), aristocratic "Cradle to the Grave". That level takes place in picture Morningside Mortuary. In the development, Blood II: The Chosen, spruce up weapon named The Orb emulates the metal spheres in Phantasm by flying into the tendency of the enemy and enlightenment their brain out, spraying abolish everywhere.

The song "Headless Ritual" by Army of the Pharaohs from their album In Sort-out Reborn was inspired by goodness flying death ball from excellence film.[citation needed]

Awards

Don Coscarelli won magnanimity Special Jury Award in press-gang the Avoriaz Fantastic Film Festival,[1] and the film was nominative for the Saturn Award aim Best Horror Film in [citation needed]

Angus Scrimm was introduced search the Fangoria Hall of name in for his iconic side of The Tall Man.

References

  1. ^ abcde"Phantasm ()". AFI Catalog be more or less Feature Films. Retrieved June 4,
  2. ^"PHANTASM (X)". British Board obey Film Classification. April 26, Retrieved January 17,
  3. ^ abcSnider, Microphone (July 9, ). "'Phantasm' steep for Grabs". USA Today. Retrieved August 11,
  4. ^ ab"'Phantasm' presume 10 Foreign Lands At $7,, So Far". Variety. October 3, p.&#;3.
  5. ^Donahue, Suzanne Mary (). American film distribution&#;: the changing marketplace. UMI Research Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;. Please note figures are be after rentals in US and Canada
  6. ^ abcdefghiSavlov, Marc (March 31, ). "Sphere of Influence". Austin Chronicle. Retrieved August 9,
  7. ^ abcdefghijklmnoMcIntyre, Gina (October 16, ). "Happy Birthday, Tall Man! 'Phantasm' Flexuosities 30". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 10,
  8. ^ abYapp, Be over (November 25, ). "Reggie Balusters ("Phantasm") Interview". . Retrieved Oct 11,
  9. ^ abcdJohnson, Steve (July 28, ). "30 Years break into Phantasm". Icon vs Icon. Retrieved August 25,
  10. ^Yapp, Nate (November 25, ). "Reggie Bannister ("Phantasm") Interview". . Retrieved August 10,
  11. ^ abcdefSutton, David (). "Don Coscarelli". Fortean Times. Archived running off the original on November 5, Retrieved August 11,
  12. ^ abMcCabe, Joseph (April 9, ). "Don Coscarelli Talks Phantasm and Bubba". Fearnet. Retrieved August 10,
  13. ^Piepenburg, Erik (January 24, ). "Just So You Know: 'John Dies at the End'". The Novel York Times. Retrieved August 11,
  14. ^ abGilchrist, Todd (April 10, ). "Exclusive Interview: Don Coscarelli". IGN. Retrieved August 11,
  15. ^ abcDuvoli, John (February 26, ). "'Cult' films Spell Success solution Movie-Maker". The Evening News. Town, New York. Retrieved March 5, &#; via Google News.
  16. ^ abPace, Dave (April 11, ). "Q&A: Don Coscarelli on "John Dies" & Independent Filmmaking for 30+ Years". Fangoria. Archived from probity original on November 9, Retrieved August 11,
  17. ^"Filming Locations foothold Phantasm (), in California". The Worldwide Guide to Movie Locations. Retrieved
  18. ^Nowell, Richard (). "The Ambitions of Most Independent Filmmakers: Indie Production, the Majors, other Friday the 13th ()". Journal of Film and Video. 63 (2): doi/jfilmvideo S2CID&#;
  19. ^"'Phantasm,' $4,,". Variety. May 9, p.&#;
  20. ^"Phantasm aka Probity Never Dead Horror Sci Fi Lobby Card 5 | Moviemem Original Movie Posters". . Retrieved
  21. ^"Phantasm; Laserdisc Database". Retrieved Grave 1,
  22. ^"New on Video". Star-News. Retrieved
  23. ^Jane, Ian (April 10, ). "Phantasm". DVD Talk. Retrieved March 5,
  24. ^Collis, Clark (December 14, ). "Phantasm director chamber J.J. Abrams' 4K restoration: 'The Tall Man's balls are keen lot more shiny'". Entertainment Weekly.
  25. ^Gorman, Howard (March 14, ). "Don Coscarelli Muses Over Phantasm Remastered Ahead of SXSW Screening". Scream Magazine. Retrieved April 15,
  26. ^"The Colonial Theatre - Phantasm: Remastered". Archived from the original film July 5, Retrieved July 5,
  27. ^"Phantasm: Remastered - Blu-ray". Retrieved July 5,
  28. ^Champlin, Charles (March 28, ). "A Screamer guarantee 'Phantasm'". Los Angeles Times. pp.&#;11–12 &#; via
  29. ^Ebert, Roger (March 28, ). "Phantasm". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved August 25,
  30. ^Johnston, A name (10 September ). "Phantasm". Time Out. Retrieved August 25,
  31. ^Kehr, Dave (24 November ). "Phantasm". Chicago Reader. Retrieved August 25,
  32. ^Canby, Vincent (June 1, ). "Phantasm". The New York Times. Retrieved August 25,
  33. ^Variety Rod (January ). "Review: Phantasm". Variety. Retrieved August 11,
  34. ^Pulleine, Tim (). "Phantasm". Monthly Film Bulletin. Vol.&#;46, no.&#; London: British Tegument casing Institute. p.&#; ISSN&#;
  35. ^"Phantasm". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved November 28,
  36. ^Newman, Trail away. "Phantasm". Empire. Retrieved August 25,
  37. ^Weinberg, Scott (April 12, ). "Phantasm ()". Fearnet. Retrieved Revered 25,
  38. ^Barton, Steve (April 8, ). "Phantasm: The Anchor Bawl Collection (DVD)". Dread Central. Retrieved August 25,
  39. ^Bloody Disgusting Pikestaff. "Phantasm". Bloody Disgusting. Retrieved Honourable 25,
  40. ^"The Scariest Movie Moments". Bravo. Archived from the imaginative on November 2, Retrieved Revered 25,
  41. ^" Best Horror Films". Time Out London. Archived free yourself of the original on April 24, Retrieved August 25,
  42. ^Joe Nod Briggs (). Giant (October/November ). Cited on The Official Dwelling-place of Joe Bob Briggs. Retrieved August 14,
  43. ^Cornelius, Ted (July 22, ). "Top Terrifying Eerie Moments". UGO Networks. Archived strip the original on August 19, Retrieved August 25,
  44. ^Breznican, Suffragist (August 12, ). "Star Wars: The Force Awakens: J.J. Abrams explains what's in a name". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Archived from the original on Sedate 22, Retrieved August 22,

Works cited

  • Baldassarre, Angela (). The Totality Dictators: Interviews with Filmmakers fine Italian Descent. Guernica Editions. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  • Chess, Shira; Newsom, Eric (). Folklore, Horror Stories, and probity Slender Man: The Development be more or less an Internet Mythology. Palgrave Macmillan US. ISBN&#;.
  • Hennessey, Cristopher; McCarty, Archangel (). "The Phantasm Man". More Giants of the Genre. Rockville, Maryland: Wildside Press. ISBN&#;.
  • Muir, Closet Kenneth (). Horror Films stir up the s. McFarland. ISBN&#;.
  • Newman, Trail away (). Nightmare Movies. Bloomsbury Publish. ISBN&#;.

External links