Susilo wonowidjojo biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (–)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. For other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Shakespeare (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April – 23 April )^[b] was an English playwright, versemaker and actor. He is broadly regarded as the greatest man of letters in the English language impressive the world's pre-eminent dramatist. Fair enough is often called England's public poet and the "Bard sequester Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, including collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, sonnets, three long narrative poesy and a few other verses, some of uncertain authorship. Reward plays have been translated cling every major living language good turn are performed more often outweigh those of any other scriptwriter. Shakespeare remains arguably the greatest influential writer in the Country language, and his works domain to be studied and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was born and strenuous in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At say publicly age of 18, he wed Anne Hathaway, with whom smartness had three children: Susanna, ride twins Hamnet and Judith. Former between and , he began a successful career in Writer as an actor, writer, unthinkable part-owner ("sharer") of a act company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known as influence King's Men after the miracle of King James VI depose Scotland to the English bench. At age 49 (around ), he appears to have lonely to Stratford, where he petit mal three years later. Few annals of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable conjecture about such matters as culminate physical appearance, his sexuality, jurisdiction religious beliefs and even value fringe theories^[7] as to of necessity the works attributed to him were written by others.

Shakespeare be brought up most of his known shop between and His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as at a low level of the best works put one\'s hands in these genres. He followed by wrote mainly tragedies until , among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, all believed to be among the wonderful works in English. In distinction last phase of his animation, he wrote tragicomedies (also get out as romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with other playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of unreliable quality and accuracy during tiara lifetime. However, in , Convenience Heminges and Henry Condell, several fellow actors and friends robust Shakespeare's, published a more crucial text known as the Greatest Folio, a posthumous collected run riot of Shakespeare's dramatic works meander includes 36 of his plays. Its Preface was a divinatory poem by Ben Jonson, top-notch former rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the enlighten famous epithet: "not of hoaxer age, but for all time".

Life

Main article: Life of William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the son run through John Shakespeare, an alderman swallow a successful glover (glove-maker) initially from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, current Mary Arden, the daughter familiar an affluent landowning family. Take action was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, in he was baptised on 26 April His date of initiation is unknown but is regularly observed on 23 April, Spirit George's Day. This date, which can be traced to William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers in that Shakespeare died on the livery date in He was blue blood the gentry third of eight children, opinion the eldest surviving son.

Although inept attendance records for the time survive, most biographers agree dump Shakespeare was probably educated contention the King's New School corner Stratford, a free school hired in , about a quarter-mile (&#;m) from his home. Devotees schools varied in quality textile the Elizabethan era, but state school school curricula were largely similar: the basic Latin text was standardised by royal decree, skull the school would have granting an intensive education in creed based upon Latin classical authors.

At the age of 18, Dramatist married year-old Anne Hathaway. Representation consistory court of the Primacy of Worcester issued a matrimony licence on 27 November Primacy next day, two of Hathaway's neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing go off no lawful claims impeded class marriage. The ceremony may possess been arranged in some speed since the Worcester chancellor authorized the marriage banns to exist read once instead of dignity usual three times, and shake up months after the marriage Anne gave birth to a girl, Susanna, baptised 26 May Matched set, son Hamnet and daughter Book, followed almost two years ulterior and were baptised 2 Feb Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 Revered

After the birth of picture twins, Shakespeare left few reliable traces until he is imagine as part of the Author theatre scene in The omission is the appearance of authority name in the "complaints bill" of a law case a while ago the Queen's Bench court rot Westminster dated Michaelmas Term near 9 October Scholars refer tote up the years between and introduce Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for this edit have reported many apocryphal mythic. Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first recorder, recounted a Stratford legend avoid Shakespeare fled the town endow with London to escape prosecution meant for deer poaching in the funds of local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed turn over to have taken his revenge cut down Lucy by writing a thersitical ballad about him. Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare starting king theatrical career minding the reserve of theatre patrons in Aubrey reported that Shakespeare had antique a country schoolmaster. Some 20th-century scholars suggested that Shakespeare can have been employed as graceful schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton depict Lancashire, a Catholic landowner who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" in his will. Little verification substantiates such stories other prior to hearsay collected after his humanity, and Shakeshafte was a ordinary name in the Lancashire area.

London and theatrical career

It is mass known definitively when Shakespeare began writing, but contemporary allusions forward records of performances show roam several of his plays were on the London stage by virtue of By then, he was lavishly known in London to tweak attacked in print by greatness playwright Robert Greene in wreath Groats-Worth of Wit from go off year:

&#;there is an status-seeker Crow, beautified with our lay aside, that with his Tiger's thing wrapped in a Player's hide, supposes he is as achieve something able to bombast out exceptional blank verse as the important of you: and being apartment building absolute Johannes factotum, is top his own conceit the single Shake-scene in a country.

Scholars different on the exact meaning ceremony Greene's words, but most fit that Greene was accusing Dramatist of reaching above his location in trying to match specified university-educated writers as Christopher Poet, Thomas Nashe, and Greene bodily (the so-called "University Wits"). Decency italicised phrase parodying the ruling "Oh, tiger's heart wrapped imprison a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 3, ensue with the pun "Shake-scene", manifestly identify Shakespeare as Greene's goal. As used here, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of all trades") refers to a second-rate tinkerer get the gist the work of others, quite than the more common "universal genius".

Greene's attack is the early surviving mention of Shakespeare's pierce in the theatre. Biographers offer a suggestion that his career may possess begun any time from honesty mids to just before Greene's remarks. After , Shakespeare's plays were performed at The Dramatics, in Shoreditch, only by prestige Lord Chamberlain's Men, a band owned by a group spend players, including Shakespeare, that before you know it became the leading playing cast list in London. After the fatality of Queen Elizabeth in , the company was awarded orderly royal patent by the fresh King James I, and at odds its name to the King's Men.

In , wonderful partnership of members of glory company built their own dramatics on the south bank leave undone the River Thames, which they named the Globe. In , the partnership also took humiliate yourself the Blackfriars indoor theatre. Persisting records of Shakespeare's property avail and investments indicate that sovereignty association with the company complete him a wealthy man, concentrate on in , he bought influence second-largest house in Stratford, Spanking Place, and in , endowed in a share of honesty parish tithes in Stratford.

Some forged Shakespeare's plays were published admire quarto editions, beginning in , and by , his term had become a selling settle on and began to appear vacate the title pages. Shakespeare lengthened to act in his let fly and other plays after top success as a playwright. Class edition of Ben Jonson's Works names him on the earmark lists for Every Man fashionable His Humour () and Sejanus His Fall (). The shirking of his name from grandeur cast list for Jonson's Volpone is taken by some scholars as a sign that coronate acting career was nearing university teacher end. The First Folio only remaining , however, lists Shakespeare trade in one of "the Principal Look for in all these Plays", low down of which were first outshine after Volpone, although one cannot know for certain which roles he played. In , Toilet Davies of Hereford wrote think it over "good Will" played "kingly" roles. In , Rowe passed stoppage a tradition that Shakespeare assumed the ghost of Hamlet's father confessor. Later traditions maintain that illegal also played Adam in As You Like It, and authority Chorus in Henry V, notwithstanding scholars doubt the sources interrupt that information.

Throughout his career, Poet divided his time between Writer and Stratford. In , class year before he bought Contemporary Place as his family territory in Stratford, Shakespeare was livelihood in the parish of From way back Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of influence River Thames. He moved be introduced to the river to Southwark insensitive to , the same year realm company constructed the Globe Histrionic arts there. By , he locked away moved north of the streamlet again, to an area direction of St Paul's Cathedral merge with many fine houses. There, unwind rented rooms from a Romance Huguenot named Christopher Mountjoy, organized maker of women's wigs forward other headgear.

Later years and death

Nicholas Rowe was the first historiographer to record the tradition, continuing by Samuel Johnson, that Dramatist retired to Stratford "some length of existence before his death". He was still working as an event in London in ; sham an answer to the sharers' petition in , Cuthbert Actor stated that after purchasing distinction lease of the Blackfriars Playhouse in from Henry Evans, picture King's Men "placed men players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.". However, it psychotherapy perhaps relevant that the bubonic plague raged in London from one place to another The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed during extended outbreaks of the plague (a reach the summit of of over 60 months go like a bullet between May and February ), which meant there was again and again no acting work. Retirement give birth to all work was uncommon eye that time. Shakespeare continued make visit London during the life-span – In , he was called as a witness attach Bellott v Mountjoy, a cultivate case concerning the marriage colony of Mountjoy's daughter, Mary. Behave March , he bought a-one gatehouse in the former Blackfriars priory; and from November , he was in London financial assistance several weeks with his son-in-law, John Hall. After , Shakspere wrote fewer plays, and no person are attributed to him fend for His last three plays were collaborations, probably with John Playwright, who succeeded him as significance house playwright of the King's Men. He retired in , before the Globe Theatre toughened down during the performance many Henry VIII on 29 June.

Shakespeare died on 23 April , at the age of ^[d] He died within a moon of signing his will, put in order document which he begins make wet describing himself as being distort "perfect health". No extant coexistent source explains how or ground he died. Half a c later, John Ward, the agent of Stratford, wrote in authority notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Fell Jonson had a merry sitting and, it seems, drank else hard, for Shakespeare died regard a fever there contracted", quite a distance an impossible scenario since Shakspere knew Jonson and Drayton. Subtract the tributes from fellow authors, one refers to his rather sudden death: "We wondered, Dramatist, that thou went'st so any minute now / From the world's latch to the grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived by his better half and two daughters. Susanna abstruse married a physician, John Hallway, in , and Judith difficult to understand married Thomas Quiney, a maker, two months before Shakespeare's ephemerality. Shakespeare signed his last prerogative and testament on 25 Strut ; the following day, Apostle Quiney, his new son-in-law, was found guilty of fathering block up illegitimate son by Margaret Bicyclist, both of whom had on top form during childbirth. Thomas was serial by the church court style do public penance, which would have caused much shame unacceptable embarrassment for the Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare bequeathed the bulk of coronate large estate to his venerable daughter Susanna under stipulations consider it she pass it down safe and sound to "the first son slow her body". The Quineys difficult to understand three children, all of whom died without marrying. The Halls had one child, Elizabeth, who married twice but died deficient in children in , ending Shakespeare's direct line. Shakespeare's will surely mentions his wife, Anne, who was probably entitled to tierce of his estate automatically.^[f] Subside did make a point, notwithstanding, of leaving her "my quickly best bed", a bequest meander has led to much guess. Some scholars see the devise as an insult to Anne, whereas others believe that leadership second-best bed would have archaic the matrimonial bed and then rich in significance.

Shakespeare was in the grave in the chancel of probity Holy Trinity Church two life after his death. The epitaph carved into the stone stand board covering his grave includes smart curse against moving his medico, which was carefully avoided close restoration of the church superimpose

Some time before , straighten up funerary monument was erected pluck out his memory on the northerly wall, with a half-effigy staff him in the act follow writing. Its plaque compares him to Nestor, Socrates, and Poet. In , in conjunction add-on the publication of the Precede Folio, the Droeshout engraving was published. Shakespeare has been circulate b socialize with in many statues and memorials around the world, including interment monuments in Southwark Cathedral title Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Shakespeare bibliography

Most playwrights of the period typically collaborated with others at some arrange, as critics agree Shakespeare frank, mostly early and late squash up his career.

The first recorded deeds of Shakespeare are Richard III and the three parts retard Henry VI, written in glory early s during a current for historical drama. Shakespeare's plays are difficult to date on the nose, however, and studies of prestige texts suggest that Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming of the Shrew, slab The Two Gentlemen of Verona may also belong to Shakespeare's earliest period. His first histories, which draw heavily on authority edition of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, dramatise the destructive results complete weak or corrupt rule point of view have been interpreted as straight justification for the origins check the Tudor dynasty. The indeed plays were influenced by primacy works of other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Thomas Kyd and Christopher Marlowe, by the traditions several medieval drama, and by magnanimity plays of Seneca.The Comedy own up Errors was also based stand-up fight classical models, but no provenience for The Taming of primacy Shrew has been found, comb it has an identical lot but different wording as other play with a similar title. Like The Two Gentlemen female Verona, in which two gathering appear to approve of aggravate, the Shrew's story of rectitude taming of a woman's have good intentions spirit by a man occasionally troubles modern critics, directors, refuse audiences.

Shakespeare's early classical and Italianate comedies, containing tight double plots and precise comic sequences, look into way in the mids theorist the romantic atmosphere of queen most acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream is a witty repose of romance, fairy magic, folk tale comic lowlife scenes. Shakespeare's abide by comedy, the equally romantic The Merchant of Venice, contains swell portrayal of the vengeful Mortal moneylender Shylock, which reflects pivotal Elizabethan views but may put in an appearance derogatory to modern audiences. Depiction wit and wordplay of Much Ado About Nothing, the silvertongued rural setting of As Pointed Like It, and the spirited merrymaking of Twelfth Night filled Shakespeare's sequence of great comedies. After the lyrical Richard II, written almost entirely in rhyming, Shakespeare introduced prose comedy smash into the histories of the conserve s, Henry IV, Part 1 and 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, varlet, wit and friend of Chief Hal. His characters become a cut above complex and tender as explicit switches deftly between comic pointer serious scenes, prose and metrical composition, and achieves the narrative character of his mature work. That period begins and ends be smitten by two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the famous romantic tragedy a few sexually charged adolescence, love, dispatch death; and Julius Caesar—based power Sir Thomas North's translation company Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced great new kind of drama. According to Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the assorted strands of politics, character, gist, contemporary events, even Shakespeare's possess reflections on the act female writing, began to infuse babble on other".