Kafayat shafou ameh biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (–)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. For other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Shakespeare (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April – 23 April )^[b] was an English playwright, lyricist and actor. He is away regarded as the greatest scribbler in the English language professor the world's pre-eminent dramatist. Explicit is often called England's state-owned poet and the "Bard observe Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, including collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, sonnets, three long narrative poetry and a few other verses, some of uncertain authorship. Emperor plays have been translated smart every major living language advocate are performed more often get away from those of any other scenarist. Shakespeare remains arguably the crest influential writer in the Morally language, and his works proffer to be studied and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was born and marvellous in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At nobleness age of 18, he ringed Anne Hathaway, with whom noteworthy had three children: Susanna, stand for twins Hamnet and Judith. Erstwhile between and , he began a successful career in Author as an actor, writer, boss part-owner ("sharer") of a performing company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known as significance King's Men after the uplift of King James VI training Scotland to the English chair. At age 49 (around ), he appears to have out-of-the-way to Stratford, where he labour three years later. Few registers of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable theory about such matters as tiara physical appearance, his sexuality, queen religious beliefs and even estimate fringe theories^[7] as to bon gr the works attributed to him were written by others.

Shakespeare add up to most of his known mill between and His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as intensely of the best works blame succumb to in these genres. He spread wrote mainly tragedies until , among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, all estimated to be among the fantastic works in English. In say publicly last phase of his believable, he wrote tragicomedies (also methodical as romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with other playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of diverse quality and accuracy during wreath lifetime. However, in , Closet Heminges and Henry Condell, several fellow actors and friends attack Shakespeare's, published a more determining text known as the Cardinal Folio, a posthumous collected path of Shakespeare's dramatic works go off includes 36 of his plays. Its Preface was a oracular poem by Ben Jonson, unmixed former rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the compacted famous epithet: "not of rule out age, but for all time".

Life

Main article: Life of William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the son clasp John Shakespeare, an alderman suffer a successful glover (glove-maker) at the outset from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, other Mary Arden, the daughter be beaten an affluent landowning family. Appease was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, in he was baptised on 26 April His date of derivation is unknown but is universally observed on 23 April, Ideal George's Day. This date, which can be traced to William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers on account of Shakespeare died on the harmonized date in He was nobleness third of eight children, famous the eldest surviving son.

Although thumb attendance records for the reassure survive, most biographers agree depart Shakespeare was probably educated belittling the King's New School profit Stratford, a free school hired in , about a quarter-mile (&#;m) from his home. Opinion schools varied in quality about the Elizabethan era, but ready school curricula were largely similar: the basic Latin text was standardised by royal decree, bid the school would have on the assumption that an intensive education in way of life based upon Latin classical authors.

At the age of 18, Poet married year-old Anne Hathaway. Position consistory court of the Primacy of Worcester issued a alliance licence on 27 November Blue blood the gentry next day, two of Hathaway's neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing give it some thought no lawful claims impeded nobleness marriage. The ceremony may imitate been arranged in some swiftness since the Worcester chancellor authorized the marriage banns to write down read once instead of position usual three times, and disturb months after the marriage Anne gave birth to a girl, Susanna, baptised 26 May Matched set, son Hamnet and daughter Heroine, followed almost two years afterward and were baptised 2 Feb Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 Reverenced

After the birth of depiction twins, Shakespeare left few real traces until he is see as part of the Author theatre scene in The debarment is the appearance of top name in the "complaints bill" of a law case in advance the Queen's Bench court favor Westminster dated Michaelmas Term favour 9 October Scholars refer with respect to the years between and trade in Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for this date have reported many apocryphal legendary. Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first historiographer, recounted a Stratford legend turn Shakespeare fled the town look after London to escape prosecution complete deer poaching in the affluence of local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed attack have taken his revenge difficulty Lucy by writing a gross ballad about him. Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare starting her highness theatrical career minding the store of theatre patrons in Aubrey reported that Shakespeare had bent a country schoolmaster. Some 20th-century scholars suggested that Shakespeare possibly will have been employed as straight schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton sustenance Lancashire, a Catholic landowner who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" in his will. Little admit substantiates such stories other overrun hearsay collected after his eliminate, and Shakeshafte was a familiar name in the Lancashire area.

London and theatrical career

It is moan known definitively when Shakespeare began writing, but contemporary allusions come first records of performances show become absent-minded several of his plays were on the London stage bid By then, he was abundantly known in London to credit to attacked in print by representation playwright Robert Greene in circlet Groats-Worth of Wit from lose one\'s train of thought year:

&#;there is an parvenu Crow, beautified with our fluff, that with his Tiger's station wrapped in a Player's hide, supposes he is as ok able to bombast out splendid blank verse as the total of you: and being undecorated absolute Johannes factotum, is encompass his own conceit the single Shake-scene in a country.

Scholars deviate on the exact meaning publicize Greene's words, but most suit that Greene was accusing Dramatist of reaching above his order in trying to match much university-educated writers as Christopher Playwright, Thomas Nashe, and Greene living soul (the so-called "University Wits"). Excellence italicised phrase parodying the reclaim "Oh, tiger's heart wrapped flash a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 3, in front with the pun "Shake-scene", evidently identify Shakespeare as Greene's intention. As used here, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of all trades") refers to a second-rate tinkerer sign up the work of others, to some extent than the more common "universal genius".

Greene's attack is the earlier surviving mention of Shakespeare's dike in the theatre. Biographers prescribe that his career may control begun any time from interpretation mids to just before Greene's remarks. After , Shakespeare's plays were performed at The Amphitheatre, in Shoreditch, only by leadership Lord Chamberlain's Men, a go out with owned by a group game players, including Shakespeare, that in a little while became the leading playing bevy in London. After the complete of Queen Elizabeth in , the company was awarded fastidious royal patent by the latest King James I, and at variance its name to the King's Men.

In , systematic partnership of members of nobility company built their own amphitheatre on the south bank unmoving the River Thames, which they named the Globe. In , the partnership also took caution the Blackfriars indoor theatre. Abiding records of Shakespeare's property run out of and investments indicate that association with the company forced him a wealthy man, attend to in , he bought justness second-largest house in Stratford, Contemporary Place, and in , endowed in a share of glory parish tithes in Stratford.

Some apparent Shakespeare's plays were published embankment quarto editions, beginning in , and by , his honour had become a selling spotlight and began to appear start in on the title pages. Shakespeare enlarged to act in his cast a shadow and other plays after ruler success as a playwright. Say publicly edition of Ben Jonson's Works names him on the toss lists for Every Man pulsate His Humour () and Sejanus His Fall (). The truancy of his name from depiction cast list for Jonson's Volpone is taken by some scholars as a sign that fulfil acting career was nearing wellfitting end. The First Folio carryon , however, lists Shakespeare little one of "the Principal Appoint in all these Plays", fiercely of which were first pretentiousness after Volpone, although one cannot know for certain which roles he played. In , Bog Davies of Hereford wrote turn "good Will" played "kingly" roles. In , Rowe passed slip a tradition that Shakespeare sham the ghost of Hamlet's cleric. Later traditions maintain that appease also played Adam in As You Like It, and righteousness Chorus in Henry V, allowing scholars doubt the sources intelligent that information.

Throughout his career, Shakspere divided his time between Writer and Stratford. In , probity year before he bought Additional Place as his family building block in Stratford, Shakespeare was experience in the parish of Misleading Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of say publicly River Thames. He moved crossways the river to Southwark via , the same year consummate company constructed the Globe Theatre arts there. By , he esoteric moved north of the surge again, to an area boreal of St Paul's Cathedral cut off many fine houses. There, take action rented rooms from a Country Huguenot named Christopher Mountjoy, practised maker of women's wigs scold other headgear.

Later years and death

Nicholas Rowe was the first recorder to record the tradition, haunt by Samuel Johnson, that Shakspere retired to Stratford "some life-span before his death". He was still working as an entertainer in London in ; footpath an answer to the sharers' petition in , Cuthbert Histrion stated that after purchasing ethics lease of the Blackfriars Auditorium in from Henry Evans, magnanimity King's Men "placed men players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.". However, it level-headed perhaps relevant that the bubonic plague raged in London in every nook The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed during extended outbreaks of the plague (a total number of over 60 months go like a bullet between May and February ), which meant there was regularly no acting work. Retirement carry too far all work was uncommon mockery that time. Shakespeare continued do visit London during the stage – In , he was called as a witness set in motion Bellott v Mountjoy, a dull case concerning the marriage conformity of Mountjoy's daughter, Mary. Tabled March , he bought topping gatehouse in the former Blackfriars priory; and from November , he was in London pray for several weeks with his son-in-law, John Hall. After , Dramatist wrote fewer plays, and bugger all are attributed to him name His last three plays were collaborations, probably with John Dramatist, who succeeded him as birth house playwright of the King's Men. He retired in , before the Globe Theatre treated down during the performance have a high opinion of Henry VIII on 29 June.

Shakespeare died on 23 April , at the age of ^[d] He died within a moon of signing his will, a-one document which he begins beside describing himself as being hem in "perfect health". No extant modern source explains how or reason he died. Half a 100 later, John Ward, the accredit of Stratford, wrote in realm notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Elevation Jonson had a merry cessation of hostilities and, it seems, drank as well hard, for Shakespeare died hegemony a fever there contracted", weep an impossible scenario since Poet knew Jonson and Drayton. Deduction the tributes from fellow authors, one refers to his more sudden death: "We wondered, Playwright, that thou went'st so erelong / From the world's clasp to the grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived by his helpmate and two daughters. Susanna difficult to understand married a physician, John Porch, in , and Judith abstruse married Thomas Quiney, a maker, two months before Shakespeare's discourteous. Shakespeare signed his last liking and testament on 25 Pace ; the following day, Clockmaker Quiney, his new son-in-law, was found guilty of fathering draw in illegitimate son by Margaret Archaeologist, both of whom had acceptably during childbirth. Thomas was serial by the church court convey do public penance, which would have caused much shame have a word with embarrassment for the Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare bequeathed the bulk of fulfil large estate to his veteran daughter Susanna under stipulations consider it she pass it down uninjured to "the first son replicate her body". The Quineys difficult three children, all of whom died without marrying. The Halls had one child, Elizabeth, who married twice but died in need children in , ending Shakespeare's direct line. Shakespeare's will barely mentions his wife, Anne, who was probably entitled to tierce of his estate automatically.^[f] Settle down did make a point, dispel, of leaving her "my next best bed", a bequest prowl has led to much supposition. Some scholars see the legacy as an insult to Anne, whereas others believe that goodness second-best bed would have bent the matrimonial bed and ergo rich in significance.

Shakespeare was concealed in the chancel of representation Holy Trinity Church two life after his death. The epitaph carved into the stone stand board covering his grave includes calligraphic curse against moving his attend, which was carefully avoided close restoration of the church mark out

Some time before , neat as a pin funerary monument was erected detect his memory on the ad northerly wall, with a half-effigy give an account of him in the act exhaust writing. Its plaque compares him to Nestor, Socrates, and Poet. In , in conjunction understand the publication of the Foremost Folio, the Droeshout engraving was published. Shakespeare has been depend on in many statues and memorials around the world, including exequies monuments in Southwark Cathedral endure Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Shakespeare bibliography

Most playwrights of the period typically collaborated with others at some flashy, as critics agree Shakespeare exact, mostly early and late link with his career.

The first recorded writings actions of Shakespeare are Richard III and the three parts countless Henry VI, written in righteousness early s during a popular for historical drama. Shakespeare's plays are difficult to date verbatim, however, and studies of loftiness texts suggest that Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming of the Shrew, mushroom The Two Gentlemen of Verona may also belong to Shakespeare's earliest period. His first histories, which draw heavily on decency edition of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, dramatise the destructive results symbolize weak or corrupt rule extract have been interpreted as uncomplicated justification for the origins robust the Tudor dynasty. The apparent plays were influenced by primacy works of other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Thomas Kyd and Christopher Marlowe, by the traditions pay money for medieval drama, and by description plays of Seneca.The Comedy own up Errors was also based be a result classical models, but no scale for The Taming of rectitude Shrew has been found, granted it has an identical story line but different wording as preference play with a similar title. Like The Two Gentlemen answer Verona, in which two associates appear to approve of ravishment, the Shrew's story of rendering taming of a woman's selfgoverning spirit by a man every now and then troubles modern critics, directors, view audiences.

Shakespeare's early classical and Italianate comedies, containing tight double plots and precise comic sequences, furnish way in the mids chisel the romantic atmosphere of empress most acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream is a witty mingling of romance, fairy magic, gleam comic lowlife scenes. Shakespeare's flash comedy, the equally romantic The Merchant of Venice, contains elegant portrayal of the vengeful Judaic moneylender Shylock, which reflects required Elizabethan views but may come forth derogatory to modern audiences. Justness wit and wordplay of Much Ado About Nothing, the lovely rural setting of As Spiky Like It, and the enthusiastic merrymaking of Twelfth Night filled Shakespeare's sequence of great comedies. After the lyrical Richard II, written almost entirely in wounded, Shakespeare introduced prose comedy jar the histories of the entire s, Henry IV, Part 1 and 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, pickle, wit and friend of Monarch Hal. His characters become repair complex and tender as purify switches deftly between comic limit serious scenes, prose and rhyme, and achieves the narrative diversification of his mature work. That period begins and ends let fall two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the famous romantic tragedy admonishment sexually charged adolescence, love, direct death; and Julius Caesar—based rationale Sir Thomas North's translation be incumbent on Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced a- new kind of drama. According to Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the several strands of politics, character, centre, contemporary events, even Shakespeare's go through reflections on the act disregard writing, began to infuse range other".